{"id":23070,"date":"2026-06-06T21:05:28","date_gmt":"2026-06-06T12:05:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/neonmetin.info\/buletin\/?p=23070"},"modified":"2026-06-06T21:06:27","modified_gmt":"2026-06-06T12:06:27","slug":"tansa-tenke-reziste-kontra-kriminaliza-defamasaun","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/neonmetin.info\/buletin\/2026\/06\/06\/tansa-tenke-reziste-kontra-kriminaliza-defamasaun\/","title":{"rendered":"Tansa Tenke Reziste Kontra Kriminaliza Defamasaun?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>By Ato Lekinawa Costa<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Iha bloku argumentu rua, ida hosi hosi parte sira mak hakarak defende onra ema nian hodi promove projetu lei kriminaliza defamasaun, no bloku ida seluk mak iha hanoin katak lei sivil iha ona no tuir ona normas legal nasional ne\u2019ebe as liu no mos normas internasional sira, no la-presija kriminaliza defamasaun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Moralista pro-kriminaliza defamasaun<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bainhira ema hahu hanoin ho idea katak sosiedade presija hetan protesaun ba hahalok la iha moral nian, ita sente kedas ida ne\u2019e presija tanba ema ida labele koalia at ema seluk, sa tan iha espasu publik. Ema barak mak iha preokupasaun bo\u2019ot bainhira liafuan la iha moral sira koalia ba ema sira mak idade bo\u2019ot liu, liliu mane, no sira ne\u2019ebe sosiedade respeita tanba sira nia reputasaun. Razaun ba sentidu ida ne\u2019e hamosu injustisa ida, no aktu la iha moral ne\u2019e sai buat real. Ida ne\u2019e duni mak Parlamentu Nasional hakarak propoin projetu lei ida atu regula ema nia hahalok, no esforsu ida ne\u2019e ho hanoin atu kriminaliza defamasaun hodi legalmente prosesa ema ho bazeia ba Prinsipiu Moral nian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ita rona ida ne\u2019e, no bainhira koalia hosi ema ne\u2019ebe iha fiar ho rijidu ba kustumi moris tradisional nian, hau fiar katak sei la iha ema ida mak sei kontesta esforsu Parlamentu Nasional nian ne\u2019e. Tanba perguntas ne\u2019ebe sei mosu mak ne\u2019e: Iha ka lae direitu ema nian hodi defende sira nia onra? Naran diak ema nian mak rikusoin ida ne\u2019ebe presija hetan protesaun hosi estadu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Iha debate matenek nain sira mak defende moralidade lei nian fo argumentu loloos mak perguntas liuba ne\u2019e. Sira hanoin katak moralidade nudar rede ne\u2019ebe la iha rohan hodi kaer metin sosiedade ida. Se la iha ida ne\u2019e, valores sosiedade nian sei monu ba <em>chaos<\/em>. Hosi perspetiva ida ne\u2019e, bainhira ema ida halo defamasaun falsu, ema ne\u2019e laos kauza deit estragu pesoal (danos pesoal), maibe ema ne\u2019e halo kanek konsiensia koletiva. Ema sira mak halo defamasaun ne\u2019e tafui ona ba kodigu moral ne\u2019ebe la hakerek nia leten no aktu ne\u2019e bele estraga moris sosiedade nian. Tuir matenek sira ne\u2019e nia hanoin, autoridade laos deit iha dever maibe obrigasaun sagradu atu halo asaun. Atu husik deit hahalok bosok lao la-ho punisaun hosi estadu ne\u2019e hanesan atu deklara katak buat los la hetan protesaun no dignidade la iha folin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Grupo sira sira ne\u2019ebe hakarak promove lei foun atu kriminaliza defamasaun ne\u2019e emosionalmente forte no atrai duni moralista sira, no hirak ne\u2019ebe lakon sira nia kbi\u2019it nudar guarda moral nian iha sosiedade ida nia laran. Ba advogadu sira hanesan ne\u2019e, buat moral ne\u2019e koalia kona ba respeitu ema seluk, no justisa ba onra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Iha sosiedade ida hanesan Timor-Leste, ema nia relasaun ba malu nudar familia besik no familia dook, lori ho sira onra pesoal no fama familia nian. Nune\u2019e labele hakfodak bainhira ema balun hakarak iha sansaun penal ka krimi nian hasoru ema seluk mak viola valor hirak ne\u2019e. Bainhira ida ne\u2019e akontese ema sira kbi\u2019it la iha sei sofre liu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sira ne\u2019ebe riku no iha poder bele simplismente selu multa deit no ema kiak no poder la iha maibe koalia ho honestu kona ba sira nia situasaun tenke sofre. Parlamentu Nasional ho Governo iha interese bo\u2019ot tebes atu kriminaliza aktu kontra dignidade ema nian, instituisaun nian, no mos ema ne\u2019ebe mate ona. Ho hanoin katak ofensa kriminal balun ne\u2019ebe kontra onra merese duni hetan kondenasaun krimi. Ne\u2019e atu hatudu katak dignidade ne\u2019e laos buat ida abstratu. Buat ne\u2019e moris, ema luta atu defende, no kontinua pratika hosi jerasaun ba jerasaun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Maski hanoin parte bloku promovedor moral nian forte tebes, sira nia hanoin nunka bele sai baze ba lei krimi nian. Iha ida ne\u2019e duni mak argumentu pro-kriminaliza defamasaun ho baze moral nian hahu monu no naksobu. Partikularmente bainhira leno-an ba Konstituisaun RDTL no mos Konvensaun Internasional nian, liliu kona ba Direitu Civil no Politika nian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Halo tuir lei Internasional ne\u2019e brigasaun estadu nian<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Timor-Leste nudar estadu parte ka hola parte iha Konvensaun Internasional ba Direitu Civil no Politiku, tratadu global ida kona ba direitus umanus. Artigu 19 iha konvensaun ne\u2019e garante liberdade expresaun, inklui direitu ba livremente buka, simu, no fahe informasaun no ideas hosi ema no espasu oioin. Direitu ida ne\u2019e laos absoluta. Artigu 19, pontu 3 loke dalan ba estadu atu halo restrisaun, maibe ba deit buat sira ne\u2019ebe lei haruka no nesesariu mos atu proteze reputasaun ema seluk nian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Perguntas importante tenke husu mak ne\u2019e, \u201cnesesariu ne\u2019e signifika saida?\u201d. Komite Direitus Umanus Nasoens Unidas nian, orgaun ida ho autoridade atu intrepreta Konvensaun ne\u2019e responde ba perguntas ne\u2019e ho momoos liu hosi komentariu jeral (General Comment) No. 34 (2011). Komisaun ne\u2019e hatete katak, iha liafuan ne\u2019ebe la husik hela dubidas, estadu parte sira labele konsidera atu kriminaliza defamasaun. Importante liuatan, Komisaun ne\u2019e deklara, \u201ctau ema iha prizaun laos penalidade ida apropriadu\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Saida mak komisaun ne\u2019e intrepreta laos rekomendasaun ida mamuk. Kovensaun ida ne\u2019e duni mak Timor-Leste ratifika no legalmente iha obrigasaun atu implementa. Tuir Konvensaun Viena nian liga ho Lei ba Tratadu sira, estadu parte sira iha obrigasaun atu halo saida mak konvensaun hato\u2019o ho boa fe. Bainhira Timor-Leste ratifika Konvensaun ba Direitu Civil Politika nian, nia la asina Protokolu Opsional. Timor-Leste aseita hotu kedas obrigasaun legal iha konvensaun ne\u2019e nia laran. Bainhira Parlamentu Nasional hakarak halo lei ida ne\u2019ebe sei fo posibilidade atu tau jornalista ida iha prizaun, ne\u2019e konsidera nudar violasaun ba lei internasional nian. Parlamentu Nasional haluha katak sira rasik duni mak ratifika konvensaun ne\u2019e, maibe ikus mai hakarak atu propoin fali lei nasional ida atu viola fali tratadu internasional ne\u2019ebe Timor-Leste hola parte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Lalika halo tuir ASEAN<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Timor-Leste iha liberdade expresaun no imprensa diak liu nasaun barak, liliu nasaun sira iha ASEAN. Nasaun sira iha ASEAN konsistentemente faila atu alina sira nia lei domestika ho padraun internasional nian sira. Indonesia tau ema iha prizaun tan deit mensajen hosi Whatsapp nian, Thailandia tau ema iha prizaun ho lei sira l\u00e8se-majest\u00e9 nian, Filipina fo penalidade forte ba liberdade expresaun iha online, no Malaysia ho Singapore mantein kriminaliza defamasaun hodi tau ema iha komarka. Sira hotu laos ezemplu diak ba Timor-Leste. Iha organizasaun rejional sira seluk, Uniaun Europea, Tribunal Direitus Umanus Afrika nian, no mos Inter-Amercan nian, sira hotu halo tuir konvensaun internasional no la tau ema iha komarka tan deit ema nia koalia ho livre. Sira la halo ida ne\u2019e tan sira hatene katak ida ne\u2019e viola direitu fundamental ema nian, no Konstituisaun RDTL nian mos koalia kona ba direitu fundamental ne\u2019e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Maibe tanba ASEAN la iha mekanizmu tribunal direitus umanus nian, violasaun sira hanesan ne\u2019e kontinua akontese. Dala barak liu estadu membru ASEAN nian justifika hahalok sira ne\u2019e ho prinsipiu mamuk, \u201cvalor asia nian\u201d, no \u201cmaneira ASEAN nian (ASEAN Way). Ba ita, Timor-Leste, nasaun ne\u2019ebe harii ninia estadu ho prinsipiu liberdade expresaun no luta liberdade imprensa nian no to\u2019o agora dadaun seidauk rejistu katak iha jornalista ida mak tama prizaun, halo tuir ASEAN Way laos modelu ida diak. Halo tuir nasaun membru ASEAN sira seluk sei hatun padraun Timor-Leste nudar nasaun ida demokratik liu no sempre sai ezemplu bam undo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Realidade monista<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Projetu Lei Parlamentu Nasional nian atu kriminaliza defamasaun laos deit la justu maibe Konstitusionalmente la los. Timor-Leste halo tuir tradisaun sistema legal uniku. Tuir artigu 9 (1) Konstituisaun RDTL nian hatete katak, \u201cSistema Legal RDTL nian tenke adopta prinsipiu jeral sira hos lei kustumariu internasional.\u201d Artigu 9 (2) mos dehan, \u201cnormas hotu-hotu iha konvensaun internasional nian sira, tratadu sira no akordu sira vigor bainhira aprova ona, ratifika ona, ka adezaun hosi orgaun kompetente sira no sai parte integral hosi sistema legal Republika Demokratika Timor-Leste nian.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ida ne\u2019e signifika tratadu internasional sira, inklui Konvensaun Direitu Civil Politik nian, laos hosu instrumentu rai liur nian mak atu manda fali lei nasional. Maibe tratadu sira ne\u2019e diretamente aplikavel, no kesi hamutuk ho sistema legal domestic nian. Sidadaun sira mak hetan violasaun ba sira nia liberdade expresaun tan lei ida atu kriminaliza defamasaun ne\u2019e uza lei internasional nian iha tribunal Timor-Leste. Juiz sira iha obrigasaun atu haree lei internasional sira no mos lei nasional nian sira. Parlamentu Nasional labele hanoin katak sira halo tuir deit sistema legal nasional nian bainhira sistema legal nasional nian ne\u2019e kontradis ho tratadu internasional ne\u2019ebe Parlamentu Nasional rasik mak ratifika.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Efeitu Depresivu<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Problema filozofiku ne&#8217;ebe klean liu mak labele halo lei ba moralidade, bainhira la destrui kondisaun sira ne\u2019ebe halo moralidade ne&#8217;e iha ninia signifikasaun. Filizofu legal no promovedor liberdade expresaun sira hatudu ida-ne&#8217;e ho presizaun iha sira nia debate ho promovedor moral lei nian. Asaun moral ida ne\u2019ebe loos mak bainhira ema hili halo asaun ne\u2019e ho livre. Asaun ne&#8217;ebe obriga tanba tauk ba kadeia ne\u2019e laos moral, ida ne&#8217;e halo deit ema sai obediente. Bainhira estadu kriminaliza difamasaun bazeia ba kestaun moral, ida-ne&#8217;e sei la kria sosiedade ne&#8217;ebe iha moral diak liu. Maibe kria fali sosiedade ne&#8217;ebe moris ho tauk. Ida ne&#8217;e hanorin sidadaun sira atu kuidadu ho sira-nia liafuan laos tanba respeitu ba lia-loos ka kuidadu ba ema seluk, maibe tanba ta&#8217;uk ba polisia no juis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At liutan, projetu lei atu kriminaliza defamasaun mai kedas ho hanoin immoral nian. Motivu forte ba promosaun idea kriminaliza defamasaun ne\u2019e tanba iha hanoin katak ema ka sidadaun ho hahalok at ka immoral barak. Sira ne\u2019ebe ukun no iha poder (politik no ekonomia) ne\u2019e mesak ema diak. Ho nune\u2019e tenke regula ho lei krimi nian ida atu ema diak sira labele hetan tratamentu at ka immoral hosi sidadaun babain sira. Projetu lei ida ne\u2019ebe mai ho hanoin atu halo tauk ema ne\u2019e sofre kedas ona aktu immoral, ka se lei ne\u2019e iha karik, Parlamentu Nasional komete tiha krimi defamasaun iha motivasaun ba halo lei ne\u2019e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Liutan ida ne&#8217;e, orgaun direitus umanus internasional sira dokumenta beibeik ona oinsa lei kriminaliza difamasaun nian sai hanesan instrumentu poder nian. Relator Espesial ONU nian ba Liberdade Espresaun observa ona katak lei sira-ne&#8217;e baibain uza hosi ema ho poder-boot sira no governu sira atu hamate kritiku sira, figura opozisaun nian, no denunsiador sira (<em>whistleholders<\/em>). Pratika ne&#8217;e komum tebes to&#8217;o ema fo naran &#8220;libelokrasia&#8221; (<em>libelocracy<\/em>) ka governa tuir dalan difamasaun. Akontese tiha ona, bainhira Primeiru-Ministru Rui Maria Araujo lori kazu difamasaun kriminal pesoal hasoru jornalista nain rua tanba kestiona tender governu nian iha 2019, lei ne&#8217;e laos atu proteze dignidade, maibe proteje kbi\u2019it ka poder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Prinsipiu legalidade no estadu de direitu<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ida-ne&#8217;e lori ita ba prinsipiu ikus, no karik fundamental liu: Estadu de Direitu ne\u2019e rasik. Lei kriminal tenke klaru, bele preve, no limita ho didi&#8217;ak. Kriminaliza difamasaun ho baze &#8220;prinsipiu moral&#8221; faila iha teste hotu-hotu ba klareza legal nian. Se-nia moral mak atu hetan protesaun? Ofende se?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pergunta sira-ne&#8217;e laos kestaun ne&#8217;ebe atu hatan deit ho asaun legal. Kestaun moral ne\u2019e buat subjetivu, variedade, no dependente ba kultura. Lei ida ne&#8217;ebe kriminaliza &#8220;insultu&#8221; mak lei ida ne&#8217;ebe fo ba prokurador no juiz sira diskrisionalidade (kbi\u2019it atu deside) tuir sira nia hakarak. No diskrisionalidade la ho limitasaun ne&#8217;e, mak sei sai poder arbitrariu ka uza tuir juiz nia hakrak, ne\u2019e laos Estadu de Direitu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prinsipiu liberal ne&#8217;ebe dezenvolve hosi John Stuart Mill no mos inklui iha lei direitus umanus modernu, mak baze lejitimu ba koersaun (obriga ho poder) hosi estadu mak atu prevene estragus ka limita poder ba ema seluk nian. Estragus ba reputasaun ne&#8217;e real, maibe laos estraga ida ne&#8217;ebe presiza kadeia hodi hadiak fali reputasaun. Lei civil mak proporsional ninia dalan los. Lei sivil respeita dignidade hosi ema ne&#8217;ebe koalia no mos ema ne&#8217;ebe hetan prezuizu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kontrariamente, lei kriminal ne&#8217;e hanesan martelu boot ida. Bainhira uza lei kriminal nian sei estraga ema nia moris. Bele fahe familia sira no sosiedade. Nia fo marka ba ema ida nu&#8217;udar kriminal ba moris tomak, tanba de&#8217;it uza liafuan sala ka at hodi koalia ema seluk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Atu konklui hakarak hatete katakIta hotu hatene ho klaru, difamasaun falsu ne&#8217;e sala. Bosok kona-ba ema seluk, estraga sira-nia reputasaun, habelar lia-falsu, sira-ne&#8217;e hotu mak failansu moral nian. Ida ne\u2019e bele prevene no hadiak kedas hosi edukasaun, familia, no parte relijiaun nian sira. Maski nune\u2019e ema sira mak komete aktu imoral hodi ataka ema seluk (online ka offline) tenke simu kondenasaun. Maibe laos sala moral nian tenke sai krime. Laos insultu tenke lori ema ba kadeia. Laos sentimentu ofendidu hotu-hotu fo justifikasaun atu uza estadu nia poder hodi hasai tiha ema nia liberdade fundamental.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Timor-Leste iha konstituisaun ida ne&#8217;ebe garante liberdade de espresaun no imprensa. Nasaun ne&#8217;e mos ratifika ona ICCPR (Konvensaun Internasional kona-ba Direitus Sivil no Politiku). Nasaun ne&#8217;e mos simu interpretasaun Komite Direitus Umanu nian ne&#8217;ebe hatete katak kastigu kadeia ba difamasaun ne&#8217;e nunka adekuadu. Estadu iha ona sistema legal sivil nian ne&#8217;ebe funsiona hodi bele proteze reputasaun liuhosi indemnizasaun (selu multa), retratasaun (husu deskulpa\/hadia liafuan). No nasaun ne&#8217;e&nbsp; mos moris hela iha demokrasia ne\u2019ebe frajil. No ida ne\u2019e presija iha hanoin kritika, hanoin hodi dezafia poder, no troka hanoin ho livre atu la halo estadu monu ba ditadura ka ukun ne\u2019ebe tuir deit ema ida\/grupo ida nia hakarak.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Ato Lekinawa Costa Iha bloku argumentu rua, ida hosi hosi parte sira mak hakarak defende onra ema nian hodi promove projetu lei kriminaliza defamasaun, no bloku ida seluk mak iha hanoin katak lei sivil iha ona no tuir ona normas legal nasional ne\u2019ebe as liu no mos normas internasional sira, no la-presija kriminaliza defamasaun. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":22321,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"amp_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[60],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-23070","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analisa"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/neonmetin.info\/buletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23070","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/neonmetin.info\/buletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/neonmetin.info\/buletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/neonmetin.info\/buletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/neonmetin.info\/buletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23070"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/neonmetin.info\/buletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23070\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23072,"href":"https:\/\/neonmetin.info\/buletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23070\/revisions\/23072"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/neonmetin.info\/buletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/22321"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/neonmetin.info\/buletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23070"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/neonmetin.info\/buletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23070"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/neonmetin.info\/buletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23070"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}